Issue number 22: Water for life - April 2012

Message from the director: Water for life

 
 

 

 A dike separates water from fertile soil in a paddy field near to Katchang village, Gambia.

Water is high on the international agenda especially for us working in agriculture, it is critical that water management has entered the debates. Water means everything. It is the source of problems related to climate change, drought and hunger, but it is also the source of solutions.

Agriculture is responsible for 70 percent of all freshwater and groundwater withdrawals worldwide. At IFAD we know that by irrigating, farmers can produce more food. Irrigated agriculture accounts for only 20 percent of the cultivated land area in the world, but it produces 40 percent of its food. So there is a lot to gain in our fight against hunger and poverty.

At the same time, the resource situation is alarming: today some 1.6 billion people live in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity and by 2025 two-thirds of the world's population could be living under water stressed conditions. The average human drinks 2 to 4 liters of water every day, but it takes 2 000 to 5 000 liters of water to produce one person's daily food.

Rudolph Cleveringa [link ], Senior Technical Adviser for Rural Development at IFAD tells us, we need “a holistic approach” to the management of land and water resources, including:

Sharing good cases about water use and irrigation is the first step in working towards better agricultural water management. In July 2011, several IFAD-funded projects from Burkina Faso, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Senegal and Sierra Leone came together in Burkina Faso for a capitalization workshop on  Agricultural Water Management. This newsletter presents the conclusions from the workshop and the best cases: foot pumps, drip irrigation, water basins and swamp rehabilitation....

Quench your thirst for information and enjoy reading!

Ides de Willebois
Director
Western and Central Africa Division

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Towards better water management

 
 

 

 Women harvest rice in Aljamdou village, Gambia.

Despite the current drought threatening the Sahel region, water availability is not the biggest problem for agriculture in West and Central Africa. In most regions there is enough. The problems lie in managing water resources and technologies in farming and  many improvements can be made in this area. IFAD realized it was time to take a closer look at its interventions in agricultural water management in the region.

Since IFAD started working in West and Central Africa in the 1980s, its projects have always contained water management activities. In 2009, 59% of the projects in the region included irrigation activities and 33% included soil and water conservation components. That means that IFAD has quite some experience to build on. In July 2011, IFAD organized a capitalization workshop to explore it’s experiences in agricultural water management in West and Central Africa. The results can be read in this article [link to text below].

The water paradox

There is a paradox in West and Central Africa regarding water availability and poverty. The region possesses a wealth of renewable water resources (people only use up to 14% of it for agriculture) and at the same time the region suffers persistent poverty (74% of the people are under the official poverty line). Hunger and famines are frequent. But this paradox offers great opportunities: millions of farmers in the region could benefit if more of the water resources available to them were better managed and used for reliable, profitable and sustainable food production. At present, only around 3.5% of cultivated land in Sub-Saharan Africa is under some form of water management.
All of this is occurring in the context of a changing global climate, in which it is predicted that rainfall will be more variable, intense and extreme. Besides this, much of the land available is not suitable for cultivation, or is far from roads and markets in urban centers. Agriculture therefore needs to become more effective, efficient and climate-resilient, producing more food from the same amount of land under more volatile climatic conditions.

IFAD and agricultural water management

IFAD’s activities in water and irrigation have included the introduction of irrigation systems based on groundwater, river basins and inland swamps, hills and river water. The projects have been carried out with individual farmers, women’s groups, associations, municipalities and governments. The investments have been high and have brought numerous successes. But there is always potential and room for improvement. Climate change, increasing populations and more demand for food all call for better results in agriculture.

Reviewing IFAD’s water management activities

Sara Delaney was invited to do a broad-based literature review to evaluate IFAD’s efforts and impact in water management. This study reviewed publications spanning from the 1980s through to 2011 and a desk-based review of the portfolio, and a selection of, projects with significant elements of agricultural water management West and Central Africa. This was combined with interviews with thematic and regional specialists and field trips to five of the ten projects that participated in the capitalization workshop. This workshop took place in Burkina Faso, from July 4th – July 9th 2011. During the workshop, Sara Delaney collaborated with Zoumana Bamba, Abdou Fall, Thiendou Nang and Professor Magatte Wade, a hydrologist from Senegal. The following countries and projects participated in the workshop: The Small Scale Irrigation and Water Management Project (PIGEPE) in Burkina Faso, the Sustainable Rural Development Programme (PDRD) – Burkina Faso, Northern Rural Growth Programme (NRGP) in Ghana, the Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Project (PIWAMP) – the Gambia, Rural Development in North Lower Guinea Project – Guinea, The Agricultural Value Chains Support Project (PAFA) in Senegal and Community Based Poverty Reduction Project (RCPRP) in Sierra Leone.

Managing the waters

The main conclusion of the studies and the capitalization workshop is that IFAD already does much in agricultural water management, but that the effectiveness and impact of IFAD’s support can be improved. Rather than providing technological solutions or funding, IFAD should consider focusing on trainings, input delivery, market analysis and organizing people so they can become better informed and capable of making the right technological choices  Such support makes agricultural technologies more viable, profitable and sustainable.

The following conclusions emerged from the capitalization workshop, which will be used to rethink IFAD’s strategic choices about how to support agricultural water management.

Recommendations for future IFAD interventions

  • Achieving profit should guide project design, implementation and monitoring/evaluation in agricultural water management activities. Farmers’ profits should be measured annually and used as an indicator of progress.
  • Environmental factors and market connectivity should be considered more systematically when deciding on project locations and the technologies to promote.
  • Projects must ensure sustainable mechanisms for accessing complementary inputs; such as appropriate seeds, fertilizers, tools and crop protection measures. This is essential in order to ensure that water management activities achieve the anticipated results in terms of improved incomes and livelihoods.
  • Project design needs to be improved to anticipate the phasing out of subsidies. This may involve the introduction of alternative financing mechanisms which can be sustained without project or government intervention.
  • Farmers and project staff need more technical knowledge on water management options for monitoring and decision making. They need more technical orientation to help them better evaluate bids from, and work done by private and public service providers. This could be achieved through more exchange visits, workshops and knowledge sharing.

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More work, more money and more food in northern Ghana

 

Irrigation technologies can be quite sophisticated and sometimes too expensive for poor farmers. But women and youngsters can profit a lot from them, as can  their families, for irrigated agriculture provides more food security and job opportunities.

Projects that involve introducing new techniques or technologies in agriculture often appeal most to male farmers older than 25 years. They are often better educated and more willing and able to invest money and to learn about new techniques. This is the group that project agents often talk to first. But is it always wise to focus new projects on them? Women play a crucial role in rural food production and many young people will choose to migrate if they feel they have no real chance in farming. The Northern Rural Growth Programme (NRGP) in Ghana decided to focus on the most resource poor farmers, as a way of enhancing its efforts to contribute to more equitable and sustainable poverty reduction and improved food security in northern Ghana. It appears to have been a good choice!

Opportunities for women and youth

Direct targeting and strategic choices in activities and equipment have been crucial in getting to work with women and youngsters. Farming in a context of erratic rainfall and an ever-shortening rainy season (because of climate change), many women and youngsters have fewer remaining options for dealing with the annual ‘hunger season’ in May and June.

They might be employed by well-to-do farmers, or migrate to town looking for jobs. This is an area with a high rate of school drop outs, malnutrition and heavy workloads for older people.

The introduction of irrigated agriculture in northern Ghana has made it possible to introduce new crops and to cultivate land the whole year round. Rainy season crops such as maize, sorghum and soya can now be followed by, or rotated with, papaya, sweet potato, okra, watermelons and strawberries. It means a lot to farming families to be able to have three crops a year. Women and youngsters have put much effort into irrigated farming and as a result have definitely increased their production and incomes!

Targeting process 

NRGP started the process by raising women’s and young farmers’ awareness, telling them about the opportunities, helping them to choose the crops to cultivate and to organize themselves into groups capable of defending their interests. Members of the farmers’ groups then started cultivating their crops, often combining ‘women’s’ food security crops such as leafy vegetables, sesame seed, chillies and potatoes, with ‘men’s’ staple crops’ such as maize and sorghum. Men and women shared the irrigation water and other inputs on the family fields.

The value chain approach chosen by NRGP links the producers to processors, marketers and consumers. So the women and young farmers met with representatives of watermelon or tomato associations, rural banks, district assemblies, input dealers and VEPEAG, the Vegetable Producers and Exporters Association of Ghana. All the parties in the value chain got to know each other and realized how much they could each gain by working together.

Choosing the right technology

One of the success factors in this intervention has been the choice of technology: river based pumps. Pumped irrigation permits farmers to cultivate much larger areas than before when they used watering cans and calabashes to carry water from adjacent perennial rivers to their plots. This greatly limited the area they could cultivate and also caused erosion and siltation of the river water. The choice of pumped irrigation has been especially positive for women and young people; their new found access to mobile pumps also meant access to new land. If a large dam had been constructed it would have been more difficult for these groups to participate, as plot distribution would probably have followed traditional land entitlement systems. 

Irrigation with pumps can make water accessible to be used in a range of distribution technologies. These, mostly micro-irrigation, technologies include drip irrigation systems, sprinklers, or gravity irrigation technologies (e.g. furrows). Furrow irrigation has proved especially successful in the region, because it does not require too much investment in the beginning. The installation of pumps by NRGP has also been combined with the resurrection of traditional contour bunds made of stones or earth.

Other success factors

The choice of technology is not the only important factor. Farmers also need to be convinced that their activities will  be sufficiently profitable before they fully engage and participate in a project. Other investments were needed, but the women and youngsters immediately saw the opportunities to meet the unsatisfied urban demand for fresh off season vegetables and high value fruits. NGRP integrates this profit-focus in all its projects: the value chain approach is central to everything and motivates the projects to look for private sector involvement in different aspects of the process.

Another success factor, that increases sustainability of the intervention, is that the project has explicitly chosen not to give everything for free to participants. Participants receive a 40% subsidy to acquire the equipment and accessories, but apart from this, the project merely links farmers to financial institutions. This prevents dependency-creation and unrealistic expectations for further hand-outs. It encourages farmers to be relatively independent and leaves them free to look around for additional finance when needed. Responsibility is very much with the individual participants.

Watch out!  

All projects can have both positive and negative results and it is important to deal responsibly with any negative impacts and find an acceptable balance. The positive results of this project have been higher incomes for farming families and economic opportunities for young people. But, in some cases, it has increased the workload of women, as families started to cultivate larger surfaces. In other cases husbands have feared the growing influence of modern city life or became jealous when their wives entered into business or value chain relationships (with other men). How should projects responsibly deal with such conflicting interests? Another important issue is that women’s involvement limits the scale of the activities and thus the economic returns. What will the impact of this be on the net return of investments? These questions are part of a broader learning process for all concerned.

There are still ongoing challenges in terms of people’s (lack of) awareness and knowledge about ecological sustainability, maintaining the technologies and managing irrigated plots. Not all stakeholders appreciate, understand or respect the importance of soil and water conservation. There is a need to monitor soil fertility and salinity and explain management techniques to the farmers. If the irrigated fields are not properly managed there is the risk of contaminating or polluting the rivers. Even the local extension agents are not fully aware of these issues, as the techniques are also new for them. NRGP plans to identify the knowledge gaps and facilitate appropriate trainings in a region that lacks official schooling institutes.

Targeting for success

These challenges are not specific to this NRGP project; they are common challenges for many development interventions. NRGP’s conclusion, after four years of working on water management in this region, is that it is possible to realize its objectives by appropriate targeting. Women and youth have benefitted from higher incomes which, in turn, has contributed to more food security and less migration to towns.

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Northern Rural Growth Programme in Ghana NRGP

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Sharing a cup of tea           

 

Collective understanding and action is crucial in irrigation schemes where different stakeholders have claims for their share of the water. PADER-BGN in Guinea brings all stakeholders together, in a friendly atmosphere, to share the pleasures of a fine cup of tea and cookies and  also share their thoughts and claims.

The Support to Rural Development in North Lower Guinea Project (PADER-BGN) was established in 2003 and has concentrated on increasing agricultural production, (particularly rice and palm oil), and diversifying the incomes of rural people. One of the activities of the project has been the establishment of irrigation schemes in swamp lands, to increase rice production, create  fruit and vegetable gardens and give space for pastoralists with their cattle. In the course of the project:,

Aside from increasing production and the income of farmers, this has also reduced conflicts between farmers and pastoralists, as the gardens and rice fields are fenced and the animals can no longer damage the crops. Pastoralists have gained access to watering points for their cows and goats.

It has also created an organizational dynamic, as people realize that they have a shared interest in organizing access to water. Another benefit is the establishment of trial plots where agricultural conservation practices, like permanent cover, can be shown. This technique is promoted in the schemes to protect the soils and hold the water in dry periods.

Collective understanding

The key to the success of these irrigation schemes is the awareness and motivation of the stakeholders. In every locality, PADER starts by organizing multi stakeholder meetings to analyze the problems and jointly discuss and formulate solutions, such as an irrigation scheme. The discussions allow everyone to see whether there is a real potential and how to deal with any constraints. Local authorities are present to show involvement and to undertake commitments when needed.

The multi stakeholder meetings contribute to a shared understanding of the problems and the steps to take. They strengthen the motivation to mobilize labor and other contributions from the farmers, needed to fence and organize the installation and to manage the irrigation scheme. Some trainings and financial support in micro-projects help the farmers and other stakeholders to really become owners of the scheme, an essential requirement for successful water management.

Collective action

Based on the first years of experience of PADER, the main lesson is that collective responsibility and action is crucial for success. For this, a group dynamic must be created, in which farmers can freely express their preoccupations. All  the stakeholders should perceive the irrigation scheme as having a valuable potential and being a shared interest. Part of the support for the projects is a result of bringing people together and facilitating dialogue and raising enthusiasm. But providing support for learning and strengthening capacities are also very important factors.

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Better targeting: better results

 

The Agricultural Value Chains Support Project (PAFA) in Senegal has invested much time working with communities to select its beneficiaries. The aim is to identify the most vulnerable households, ensure that support goes to them and to legitimize the choice of beneficiaries within the local community.

Thinking and deciding about whom to work with is an essential step in every development project, but becomes a particular issue in unusual conditions. In the PAFA intervention zone, the population is younger than in the rest of Senegal: 60% of people are younger than 24 years and 80% are younger than 34 years. For this reason the project has targeted young people; particularly women between 15 and 25 years and men between 18 and 30 years. If these population groups do not have opportunities to earn a living in their villages, they are very likely to migrate to towns to look for jobs, leaving the elderly and the agricultural work behind.

The importance of agricultural value chains

PAFA particularly focuses on women because of their central involvement in economic activities (the transformation of agricultural products and marketing) and because there are existing and active women’s associations. There are good opportunities to strengthen the capacities of these organizations, improve their functioning and, through that, increase the incomes of women.

After discussions with the local population, some value chains were selected to focus on: millet/sorghum, haricots, sesame, aviculture and bissap (a tree flower used for making juice). The criteria for the choice of these chains were based on the following criteria:

Marième Faye Diagne is president of Jappo, a  women’s group that was able to engage in the millet value chain through PAFA’s support. She proudly claims that this is the best way for people in poor rural circumstances to move out of poverty: ‘last February we sold 50 tons of high quality millet to a trader in Thies for 10.5 million CFA. Before we sold to local traders and got really low prices. We had trainings to improve our production of millet by using better seeds, fertilizers and urea. Before, output was 0.5 tons per hectare, now it is between 1.3 and 1.5 tons per hectare!’

Self-determination

The next step in setting up the project and determining the activities and participants is important. In order to really concentrate on the most vulnerable households, criteria for vulnerability were set with stakeholders, and these criteria were used to select the most vulnerable households. Four categories were identified.

The indicators of vulnerability were used to create a stratified sample for a household survey in the locality. This was conducted by committee members who had attended the multi-stakeholder meetings. This ensured the full participation of the local population in the formulation of selection criteria and the collection of household data. These data were reported back to the meetings and the community collectively chose the most vulnerable households to take part in the PAFA project.

Abdoulaye Gningue is president of Sante Yalla, a farmers’ organization with 42 farmers (12 of them women) in the village of Tallège. Their organization was relatively unaffected by the bad growing season in 2011/2012. The members cultivated 50 hectares of beans and harvested 30,612 tons.  They sold 10,720 tons to a commercial trader in Thies, for a pre-arranged price of 300 CFA per kilo, a good price. Gningue recounts how quickly things got going: ‘Just two months after we found out about PAFA’s way of working we had used clear criteria to select the households that would benefit from the project (and women and young got their share) and had signed a contract with the trader. Now look what our locality has gained!’

Increased understanding

The involvement of the whole community in the formulation and analysis of degrees of vulnerability, has made it clear to everyone involved that there are differences between households and that the most vulnerable households will benefit most from the project’s resources. This reduced potential conflicts within the communities as everyone could see that the money and effort went to those who needed it most.

Maimouna Faye, president of the women’s association in the commune of Niakhar (a federation of 52 women’s groups, with 1800 members in total), proudly told us that, despite the irregular rains in the last rainy season, the women in the association were able to market 5 tons of beans. The association selected 50 of the most vulnerable households to receive training in the production and marketing of beans and they sold 5 tons to a commercial trader for a good price. This significantly increased the income of the women, who also had more beans for consumption in their households. The women also gained respect:  they were able to meet their obligations to the trader, while the bigger farmers’ union could only deliver part of the 30 tons they had promised. The women are very clear about what they want now, says Maimouna Faye: ‘we want our sons and daughters to stay in the locality and at school. They should have bean fields too. It is a far better way to earn money than migrating to the city.’

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Large-scale swamp rehabilitation for food production

 
 

 

 Planting demonstration Sierra Leone

When faced with big problems, think big. This might be the credo of the Community Based Poverty Reduction Project (RCPRP) in Sierra Leone. This poor, diamond-dependant country is still recovering from the civil war that lasted from 1991 until 2002. It meant poverty for many rural people, but large scale swamp rehabilitation can provide a way out.

For many households in Sierra Leone the most important thing is to improve their food security and livelihoods. These are also the main objectives of RCPRP: to contribute to the short-term recovery of rural communities, help them develop their farming activities and lay the basis for long-term rehabilitation and participatory development.

The potential of swamp valleys

All over the country swamp valleys are left relatively unexploited, especially in areas where farmers use shifting cultivation and bush fallow techniques for their food provision. In many cases this is an environment-unfriendly production method that provides marginal yields. The reclaiming of these inland valley swamps could offer significant opportunities for many people. RCPRP improves the hydrology in these valley swamps using gravitational methods (irrigation, drainage and water and catchment conservation). This permits intensive (year round) and diversified cultivation. The schemes contribute to increased production of rice, the country’s staple crop and other food crops (vegetables and legumes, groundnuts) and are integrated with inland fisheries and rearing small ruminants and poultry.

To date 2,380 people (of which at least 25% are women and 25% are youth) have directly benefitted from the development of 614 hectares of inland valley swamps in 4 districts in the eastern part of Sierra Leone. The idea is to extent the strategy this year to the other 9 districts in the country and to rehabilitate another 500 hectares of swamp land, for the benefit of at least 1,250 households. Reclaiming the swamp takes two years for clearing the vegetation, whilst the third year is used for the provision of irrigation facilities and further trainings (already started in the first year). Farmers then plant pineapples, bananas, plantains and other tree crops like coffee, cocoa, mangoes, citrus, cashew and oil palm along the contours of the watershed. This is to prevent or reduce land degradation, improve the hydrology and provide the farmers with a year round supply of crops to harvest. The method provides economic viability and ecological sustainability and facilitates the settlement of farmers used to roving in the shifting cultivation system.

The potential of youth

Thinking big not only applies to the amount of land surface (with plans to develop a total of 690,000 hectares of swamp land overall), but also to time. RCPRP is not only thinking about short term opportunities, but also about future developments. As such they are creating special arrangements for youth, for example leasing plots of the inland valley swamps to young people, for a 30-50 year duration. Such long term leases enhance a sense of ownership and encourage youth to invest in land and to think about developing it.

Another way for including youth in the process of development of the valley is to hire a large number of competitive service providers in all the districts, and employ community youths as contractors. The project started working with some youth contractors already, and will continue with the most successful of them. The project will help them to become well structured, organized and capable service providers in terms of their:

RCPRP plans to provide technical, management and business skills trainings. These are open to young graduates, enthusiastic youth and ex-employees of the governmental AESD, the Agricultural Engineering Services Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Security.

The potential of seed banks

When thinking big is the credo, this often involves thinking big financially too. But this is not always the case. RCPRP initially pays for the rehabilitation of the swamps (cost of skilled and unskilled labor) and provides farm tools, but beneficiaries repay 40% of this, through what are known as development loans. The project also provides seasonal loans (rice seed and fertilizers), which the farmers pay for after the harvest: one and a half bushel of rice for each bushel and three bushels of husked rice for each 50 kg bag of fertilizer.

Seasonal loans are paid back in kind to the local farmers’ organization. This rice is sold and the proceeds kept in the community bank under the name of the Farmers Based Organization (FBO). This amount can be made available again as a loan. This process  continues until the needs of all farmers within the organization have been satisfied. In some cases this process will continue for a very long time and stores will be built to safely store the seed. Development loans are paid back to an Agricultural Development Fund, maintained at the community banks (established by the sister rural finance project, RFCIP). Farmers can pay these back in seed or in cash, over a period of two years. On the RCPRP’s exit from an area, the Agricultural Development Fund is made available to provide ongoing loans. 

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Rehabilitation and Community-based Poverty Reduction Project

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Steps towards better water provision

 

Foot-pumps have proved to be a crucial component in two irrigation projects in Burkina Faso. The pumps permit water to be transported over a considerable distance and farmers have a choice over how sophisticated to make their final water distribution system. The Small Scale Irrigation and Water Management Project (PIGEPE) sees foot pumps as a promising tool in small scale agriculture as they are highly effective, low cost and low profile.

One of PIGEPE’s projects has been the installation and improvement of the irrigation scheme in Poni. At the invitation of some local farmers PIGEPE began by organizing informative meetings with farmers, experts and local authorities, discussing options for improving the existing irrigation scheme. Negotiations about land ownership quickly followed quickly, with the available plots being measured and distributed. It was agreed by all stakeholders that women should access at least 40% of the total surface area. After this 8 foot-pumps were installed and 3 water basins constructed. Farmers made planting holes in the fields and put manure in them. To manage the pumps and water basins and organize the different users, a steering committee was established and trained on how to carry out their duties. The farmers got to visit other irrigation schemes, to see better how to use and maintain their own installations. They also had literacy courses to strengthen their capacities.

Before the construction of the basins and the installation of the pumps, there were 9 women with small plots of land (80 m2) at the border of a water reservoir. These gardens were fenced with branches of millet and watered with calabashes. The women grew haricots, vegetables and okra, mostly for consumption in their households. Now a surface of 2 hectares is tidily fenced, water comes in by pumps and the plots are not so close to the water, greatly reducing the risk of pollution and soil erosion. A total of 77 farmers (45 women) use these irrigated plots (±175 m2 each), cultivating tomatoes, egg plants, cabbages, onions and potatoes. One third of this is consumed at home. The rest is sold on the market.

The need for monitoring

Although the improvement of the Poni irrigation scheme sounds like a straightforward trajectory, there have been obstacles along the road. The initiators of the planning of this irrigation scheme did not follow it through to the end, which was a pity, as they were already quite experienced market gardeners.

This has convinced the PIGEPE team of the importance of a strict and frequent monitoring and evaluation system from the beginning of an intervention. If activities and farmers are not guided, things can go in unplanned and unproductive directions that were not in line with the projects original objectives. Good monitoring can prevent this. It also means that land rights have to be clear and non-negotiable from the outset and that the technology and knowledge level are not too sophisticated for the participants. In this case, the participants found that the foot pumps and watering cans were easy enough to manage.

Real money markers

In February 2010, PIGEPE started another project: demonstration sites for foot pumps and drip irrigation systems covering either 100 or 500m2. PIGEPE trained a total of 183 people (88 farmers and 95 development agents) to use these technologies. The farmers who participated in this project now handle irrigation much more easily and quickly than before and maintain their fields better and more precisely, which results in better yields. One farmer in Gaoua yielded 340 kg of cabbage and 37.5 kg of lettuce from 100m2. With 3 production cycles in a year, this gave him a net return of 180,000 FCFA, enough to completely recover the initial investment costs in a year!

This demonstration project shows that much can be gained in rural areas when the water is better managed. The foot pump, called Money Marker, really lives up to its name: and is also very simple and costs very little to use and maintain. The pumps and drip irrigation kits can have an incredible impact on labor and yields for small farmers. The technology of mobile pumps permits farmers and women to irrigate fields that are not immediately close to canals or rivers, or fields to which they have no permanent rights. While requiring a low investment in the field itself is low, the use of pumps and irrigation kits can easily double or triple the yields.

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Projet d’irrigation et de gestion de l’eau à petite échelle (PIGEPE)

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New programmes and projects in the region

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