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Bareina village is literally submerged by the encroaching
desert. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
from Rosso, work on their garden by raking and cleaning. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by raking and cleaning. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by preparing the soil for plantation.
A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by preparing the soil for plantation.
A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by distributing manure to fertilize
soil. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by distributing manure to fertilize
soil. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by watering soil. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by watering soil. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, fetch water for their garden from a nearby well. A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by planting trees for wind-breaking.
A women's co-operative in Mitkay, 25 kilometers from
Rosso, work on their garden by planting trees for wind breaking.
An example of a moving dune moving towards and covering
a tree. An example of a moving dune moving towards and covering
a tree. A meeting place for cattle farmers on the main road
to Rosso Prosopis trees planted for the stabilization of sand
dunes, the technique is used to fight against sand encroachment.
The method has proved effective to most areas threatened by this
problem. Constructing fences and reforestation are used to
stop desertification . The fences provide protection to newly planted
trees against the movement of wind-driven sand. Later the grown
trees will be able to stand on their own. A meeting place for cattle farmers on the main road
to Rosso A twelve kilometer long canal of the M'Pouriè irrigation
system pumped in from the Senegal river. Carpenter repairs fishing boat on the Banc D'Arguin.
Water being pumped into a reservoir from a well and
simultaneously released onto the land. The water then runs into
sand channels built around palm trees for irrigation. A farmer channelling irrigation water into a sand
canal to irrigate his and others palm trees. The pumping station that pumps water from the Senegal
river and sends it to the main canal . A portrait of a woman and her two children, in a
village near Atar city, Adrar region. A portrait of a woman sitting on the doorstep of
her mini-shop. In a village near Atar city, Adrar region. A distant view of the oasis Azougui, which shows
the aridity of the area surrounding it. An irrigated area in Rosso, and it's lateral canal.
A smaller canal in Rosso used to irrigate rice paddies.
Two children standing in front of a poultry cage.
A farmer's daughter serving tea in the family hut.
Farmers from Rosso discuss with the programme director,
the harvesting of rice. A man in a palm tree harvesting dates in the Atar
Ville, an oasis in the Atar group. Old Chinese tractors preparing the soil on plots
of the state farm for seed planting, in expectation of the first
rainfall. Boys sewing in a small shop in the market of Rosso.
Portrait of a woman standing in the Azougui oasis
in the Adrar region. Dr. Kamara Dramane, director of the rehabilitation
program, visits a repatriated family, which has settled and is now
growing watermelons. A single date covered with dusty threads woven by
spider mite. The dates affected by 'Taka' disease (Olygonychus afrasiaticus)
are given to animals as they are not suitable for human consumption.
A project technician looks at a bunch of dates infected
by 'Taka disease' (Olygonychus afrasiaticus). Members of a local family from Rosso, using a lateral
canal for washing clothing. Members of a local family from Rosso, using a lateral
canal for washing clothing. Close-up of date palm branches infected by the disease
caused by white scale (parlatoria blancardi). A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
return from their vegetable garden which they have cleaned after
a cabbage harvest. This metallic fence has been constructed by the project
to protect the oasis from animals. A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
return from their vegetable garden which they have cleaned after
a cabbage harvest. A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
in their vegetable garden which they are cleaning after a cabbage
harvest. Three girls return home from a nearby well carrying
fresh water for drinking and cooking. In the central market of Rosso, used clothing is
displayed in piles while new clothing is hung up next to the shop.
A moving sand dune on the road to Toungad in the
Adrar region. A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
in their vegetable garden which they are clearing after a cabbage
harvest. A moving sand dune on the road to Toungad in the
Adrar region. A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
in their vegetable garden which they are clearing after a cabbage
harvest. Toungad is an oasis that has had serious sand mobility
problems. The project has intervened using stabilization techniques
such as planting prosopis trees to halt the encroachment. A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
in their vegetable garden which they are cleaning after a cabbage
harvest. Three girls sitting on a sand dune that was a threat
to their oasis before the stabilization program was put into effect.
Two young women holding bowls of dates harvested
in their oasis. A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
in their vegetable garden which they are clearing after a cabbage
harvest. Palm trees inside the oasis. A women's group from the village of Breun Darou,
in their vegetable garden which they are clearing after a cabbage
harvest. A traditional well (lined with stones) funded by
the project. The well is equipped with a motor pump and irrigation
pipes. The suction basin of the pumping station that takes
water from the Senegal river. Portrait of a farmers family members. Two workers inside the pumping station taking care
of the aged Chinese pumps. The project supports farmers in constructing and
deepening wells and supplying them with pumps and irrigation pipes.
Here farmers are standing by a water reservoir. A woman carries palm tree branches collected from
the oasis to be used as firewood for cooking. A women's group in Dieuk, gathering in the women's
house to chat about their latest project dyeing cloth. A woman constructs a dome shaped hut. She ties palm
branches in a ring to be used as a support for the hut's ceiling.
A woman mixes sorghum flour with water to prepare
couscous. Old machinery in the M'Pouriè garage now serves as
a spare part depot for the irreparable Chinese equipment. People from the nearby fishing village look for rice
in the by-products outside the privately run rice mill. People from the nearby fishing village look for rice
in the by-products outside the privately run rice mill. A donkey feeds on the remains of a fence that was
destroyed by animals. People from the nearby fishing village look for rice
in the by-products outside the privately run rice mill. Two women from the fishing village of Dieuk look
out of the window of their home. Palm trees inside the protected oasis. Example of a palm tree that was originally 11 meters
high but is now mostly buried in the sand. A women's group in Dieuk, gathering in the women's
house to chat about their latest project dyeing cloth. Example of two palm t trees mostly buried by mobile
sand dunes. A women's group in Dieuk, gathering in the women's
house to chat about their latest project dyeing cloth. The mechanized stabilization techniques where fences
made of palm trees are implanted into the dune in a grid like pattern.
The 12 kilometer irrigation canal at Rosso. Thanks to sand dune fixation techniques, inhabitants
have been able to return to their homes on the eastern side of the
Toungad oasis, previously rendered uninhabitable by desert encroachment.
A repatriated farmer cleans the lateral canal leading
to his plot with two of his sons. Women weave rugs from palm stalks. A repatriated farmer cleans the lateral canal leading
to his plot with two of his sons. Men fix a fence constructed of palm trees that protects
an oasis from animals and sand. Portrait of a little girl with other children in
the village of Ajoucia in the Assaba region. A repatriated farmer cleans the lateral canal leading
to his plot with two of his sons. A repatriated farmer cleans the lateral canal leading
to his plot with two of his sons. The 12 kilometer irrigation canal at Rosso. On a farmer from Rosso's small plot rice is being
harvested. A young man lifts water from the well by using a
'shadouf'. The weight placed on the far end of the 'shadouf' lifts
the container made of animal hide. The 12 kilometer irrigation canal at Rosso. Women attend a literacy class on behalf of their
women's association which is assisted by the program. Portrait of a shepherd boy. Heavy night rainfall floods the area. Roads to many
oasis remain blocked. A farmer wife who has been repatriated from Senegal,
is picking beans which she has planted on the side of a dike, with
her two daughters. A farmer wife who has been repatriated from Senegal,
is picking beans which she has planted on the side of a dike, with
her two daughters. Cattle pass by a pool of rainwater after a day of
heavy rain in the Assaba region. Shepherds return with their sheep to Assaba for the
'khareef' or rainy season when the land is covered with grass. Local boys utilize a still common form of transportation;
the donkey cart. A Bedouin woman on a donkey migrates for the autumn
with her tribe to the village of Assaba. On a farmer from Rosso's small plot rice is being
threshed. A farmer standing in a sorghum field with a hoe on
his shoulder after a hard day's work in the field. A farmer uses his hoe to remove weeds from his sorghum
field. A secondary canal leading into the irrigation area.
Two women grind sorghum grains. A metal fence built to protect prosopis trees from
stray animals. Prosopis trees are in turn used to prevent dunes
from moving. A passage is made by two fences to walk through the
oasis but keep the animals out. A farmer asks for credit at the UBD- agency in Rosso.
The soil of this zone of the oasis is too soft and
couldn't support the proper growth of palm trees. The palm tree
will naturally lean and grow towards the sun. The soil of this zone of the oasis is too soft and
couldn't support the proper growth of palm trees. The palm tree
will naturally lean and grow towards the sun. |
Farmer at the counter of the UBD agency of Rosso
dealing with the cashier. An old woman peels palm leaves to use for weaving
rugs. Two women gather water from a well in the Al Aouja
oasis in the Assaba region. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
working on their tree nursery and preparing 'Prosopis filensis'
to be planted on dunes for stabilization. Fencing placed around palm trees and on distant dunes,
to stabilize sand dunes. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
working on their tree nursery and preparing 'Prosopis filensis'
to be planted on dunes for stabilization. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
working on their tree nursery and preparing 'Prosopis filensis'
to be planted on dunes for stabilization. A working unit repairing a slider on the main canal
of the M'Pourié irrigation scheme at Rosso. The camels grazing were taken to Mali during the
summer for grazing and brought back to the Assaba region in the
rainy season when the land is covered with grass. Here a shepherd
poses with his camels. Portrait of a woman harvesting dates. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
planting 'Prosopis filensis' for reforestation after the moving
dune has been stabilized and fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant
material. The moving dune in Guèrou, has been stabilized and
fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant material by the women's co-operative
'Arafat' . The moving dune in Guèrou, has been stabilized and
fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant material by the women's co-operative
'Arafat' . Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
planting 'Prosopis filensis' for reforestation after the moving
dune has been stabilized and fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant
material. View from the dune on the village of Guèrou, the
dune's encroachment is a menace to the village and it's inhabitants
if it is not stopped. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
planting 'Prosopis filensis' for reforestation after the moving
dune has been stabilized and fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant
material. Overgrazing in the Assaba region is the primary cause
of soil erosion. When rainwater then comes in contact with bare
soil surfaces it is more easily worn away. View of the dune with it's windbreaks made out of
dead plant material. A man weaves fans from palm tree branches. Women's co-operative 'Arafat' meeting. Women's co-operative 'Arafat' meeting. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
planting 'Prosopis filensis' for reforestation after the moving
dune has been stabilized and fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant
material. A Touareg on his horse leading a camel. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
planting 'Prosopis filensis' for reforestation after the moving
dune has been stabilized and fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant
material. Members of the women's co-operative 'Arafat' in Guèrou,
planting 'Prosopis filensis' for reforestation after the moving
dune has been stabilized and fixed by windbreaks made of dead plant
material. The camels grazing were taken to Mali during the
summer for grazing and brought back to the Assaba region in the
rainy season when the land is covered with grass. A dune in N'Takat which has been stabilized through
reforestation after the movement of the dune had been stopped and
fixed with fences and windbreaks made of dead plant material. A water pump being repaired by two men in the El
Gran oasis. A well utilizing a water pump that runs on diesel
fuel. A dune in N'Takat which has been stabilized through
reforestation after the movement of the dune had been stopped and
fixed with fences and windbreaks made of dead plant material. A dune in N'Takat which has been stabilized through
reforestation after the movement of the dune had been stopped and
fixed with fences and windbreaks made of dead plant material. Two men drawing water from a tube well utilizing
a pulley and a rope. A man draws water manually from a traditional well
lined with stones. In the oasis Aoujé, a women prepares tea in the traditional
way. Holes in palm tree trunk caused by termites that
dig their way into the trunk until it eventually breaks. Inhabitants of the oasis Aoujé draw water from the
well. Inhabitants of the oasis Aoujé draw water from the
well. A palm tree infected by termites or 'white ants',
that attack the tree from the roots causing the tree to break at
it's base. Woman drawing water from a well, using a rope and
pulley. Windbreaks and fences made of dead plant material
for stabilization of dunes in the surroundings of the oasis Aoujé.
Windbreaks and fences made of dead plant material
for stabilization of dunes and plantation of Prosopisses and Lebtednia
for reforestation in the surroundings of the oasis Aoujé. Windbreaks and fences made of dead plant material
for stabilization of dunes and plantation of Prosopisses and Lebtednia
for reforestation in the surroundings of the oasis Aoujé. Windbreaks and fences made of dead plant material
for stabilization of dunes and plantation of Prosopisses and Lebtednia
for reforestation in the surroundings of the oasis Aoujé. Windbreaks and fences made of dead plant material
for stabilization of dunes and plantation of Prosopisses and Lebtednia
for reforestation in the surroundings of the oasis Aoujé. A woman fills a container with water from a hand
drawn well. A dune in N'Takat which has been stabilized through
reforestation after the movement of the dune had been stopped and
fixed with fences and windbreaks made of dead plant material. A dune in N'Takat which has been stabilized through
reforestation after the movement of the dune had been stopped and
fixed with fences and windbreaks made of dead plant material. A windmill provides the power to lift water from
a well. A dune in N'Takat which has been stabilized through
reforestation after the movement of the dune had been stopped and
fixed with fences and windbreaks made of dead plant material. Woman holding baby. Sand dune fixed with fences and trees to stabilize
sand and protect the road to Guerou. Zone where the sand dunes have taken over any vegetation
and caused near complete desertification. In the palm garden of the oasis Aoujé at a well that
utilizes the traditional water lifting system called 'chadouf'.
Two goats graze on the bare branches of a fallen
tree. Fruit of the local date palm tree. Fruit of the local date palm tree. Woman in a market. Man carrying bag of sugar on his shoulder along the
road between Ashrum Djuke and Kiffa in the Assaba region. Woman pumps water with a hand pump from a well 60
meters deep in the Assaba region. A tent in a small village of the Assaba region where
villagers can rest in the shade during their shopping or trading.
Farmers from Aoujé in a millet field. A girl pouring tea in the market of a small village
of the Assaba region. Windbreaks and fences made of dead plant material
for stabilization of dunes and plantation of Prosopisses and Lebtednia
for reforestation in the surroundings of the oasis Aoujé. A man cutting meat to sell in the market of a village
in the Assaba region. Windbreaks and fences made of dead plant material
for stabilization of dunes and plantation of Prosopisses and Lebtednia
for reforestation in the surroundings of the oasis Aoujé. Groups of school children and villagers participate
in fixing dunes to prevent them from moving farther towards the
oasis. The rope from this well is pulled up with the force
of three donkeys. Where it is received and emptied into containers.
School classes and villagers participate in fixing
parts of the dunes to prevent them from moving farther towards the
oasis. School classes and villagers participate in fixing
parts of the dunes to prevent them from moving farther towards the
oasis. School classes and villagers participate in fixing
parts of the dunes to prevent them from moving farther towards the
oasis. The palm garden and arable land of the Oasis Aoujé.
In the palm garden of the oasis Aoujé at a well that
utilizes the traditional water lifting system called 'chadouf'.
A view of the agricultural area of the Training and
Research Center in Sani Reforested dune in Kankossa surrounded by a fence
to prevent animals from entering the area and eating the leaves.
Reforested dune in Kankossa surrounded by a fence
to prevent animals from entering the area and eating the leaves.
Reforested dune in Kankossa surrounded by a fence
to prevent animals from entering the area and eating the leaves.
Reforested dune in Kankossa surrounded by a fence
to prevent animals from entering the area and eating the leaves.
At the Sani Training and Research Center, different
systems of water lifting are utilized as well as techniques using
animal power. Palm garden of oasis N'Dayenia and fixed dunes in
back. Palm garden of oasis N'Dayenia and fixed dunes in
back. At the Sani Training and Research Center, different
systems of water lifting are utilized as well as techniques using
animal power. The nursery well is also available to the neighbors.
A farmer from the palm garden in N'Dayenia presents
some of his dates. At the open market of Kiffa where groundnuts and
potatoes are also sold. At the open market of Kiffa where groundnuts and
potatoes are also sold. The nursery (equipped with a well ) that grows trees
to be planted on dunes for the protection and reforestation in the
oasis N'Dayenia. Local farmers come to the UBD Agency in Kiffa to
apply for a credit and receive the necessary advice. The nursery (equipped with a well) that grows trees
to be planted on dunes for the protection and reforestation in the
oasis N'Dayenia. The nursery that grows trees to be planted on dunes
for the protection and reforestation in the oasis N'Dayenia. The nursery that grows trees to be planted on dunes
for the protection and reforestation in the oasis N'Dayenia. A farmer with a vegetable farm asks the extension
service in Kiffa for chemical treatment of his plants. A farmer with a vegetable farm asks the extension
service in Kiffa for chemical treatment of his plants. Treated seeds are packaged and delivered to local
branches of the seed center. To maintain a certain standard the seeds have to
pass through a sorting machine at the national seed center at Kaedi..
To maintain a certain standard the seeds have to
pass through a sorting machine at the national seed center at Kaedi.
Offices of the seed center in Kaedi with the director
M. Sidi Ould Ismael (on right) and the co-ordinator of the National
Seed Master Plan; Mr. Mohammed Ould Ahmed Benane. Employees of the seed center on the experimental
sight of Rindioo/Kaedi treating young mango plants. Employees of the seed center on the experimental
sight of Rindioo/Kaedi calculating the yield of a grapefruit tree.
Employees of the seed center on the experimental
sight of Rindioo/Kaedi preparing the soil for the plantation of
new fruit trees. The main laboratory for analysing and conditioning
of seeds in the national seed center at Kaedi. The main laboratory for analysing and conditioning
of seeds in the national seed center at Kaedi. Workers of the seed center preparing a plot for rice
plantation. Workers of the seed center preparing a plot for rice
plantation. Cuttings of a new variety of rice are being planted.
Seedlings of new variety of rice are taken out of
the soil for transplantation in a rice paddy. After threshing, the rice grains are separated from
the chaff: Kaedi. Smallholders in Kaedi help each other cutting rice.
Family members of smallholders in Kaedi thresh rice
by beating bundles of rice stalk on barrels. Overgrazing of livestock is a great danger for small
plants and one reason for the ongoing desertification. Family members of smallholders in Kaedi thresh rice
by beating bundles of rice stalk on barrels. |
