Environment and natural resource management (ENRM) is at the core of delivering IFAD’s poverty reduction mandate because its target groups rely directly and indirectly on the environment and natural resources for their livelihoods. Poor rural people face a series of interconnected natural resources management challenges. They are in the front line of climate change impacts; the ecosystems and biodiversity on which they rely are increasingly degraded, their access to suitable agricultural land is declining in both quantity and quality, their forest resources are increasingly restricted and degraded, they produce on typically marginal rainfed land, with increased water scarcity; and declining fish and marine resources threaten essential sources of income and nutrition. Further, global population is growing rapidly and to meet its needs, agricultural production must double by 2050.